Architectural Styles since 1800
Below are short descriptions of the following architectural styles with examples. They are derived by copy and paste from the Internet,
Neoclassical
Gothic Revival
Romanesque Revival
Georgian Revival architecture
Italianate
Beaux-Arts
Queen Anne style architecture--American
Tudor Revival
Second Empire
Art Nouveau
Art Deco
Prairie School Style
International Style
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Neoclassical
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture
Examples--the Lincoln Memorial; Monticello in Virginia; the University of Virginia Rotunda; Hilberry Theatre in Detroit; former Christian Scientist Church on Lawrence Street in Pontiac; old Federal Building/Furlong Building in Pontiac
Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France. However, it's roots date back to the 17th century when Claude Perrault decided to revive Ancient Greek architecture. In its purest form, it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles, and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio.
Neoclassical architecture, also known as neoclassicism, emerged in the mid-18th century as a reaction to Rococo. Derived from Palladian architecture, it has references to classical Greek and Roman architecture. Unlike Classical revivalism however, neoclassical architecture tends to draw upon the logic of entire Classical volumes rather than just reusing parts.
The characteristics of neoclassical architecture include the grand scale of the buildings, the simplicity of geometric forms, the Greek (particularly Doric) detailing, dramatic columns, and blank walls. By emphasising the simplicity of the wall and its flat, planar quality, as well as the separation of elements, the style was seen as a reaction to the more lavish excesses of Rococo.
The flatter projections and recessions had different effects on light and shade, and sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and often framed in friezes, tablets or panels. These and other individual features were isolated and ‘complete in themselves’, rather than being integrated with other features.
The emergence of neoclassical architecture dates back to the 1750s, and was widespread across the United States and Europe. In USA Federal architecture.
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Gothic Revival
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture
Examples--the Houses of Parliament and Big Ben in London; Washington National Cathedral of the Episcopal Church in Washington, D.C.; the Victoria Terminus in Mumbai, India; University of Glasgow's main building in Scotland; Blessed Sacrament Cathedral in Detroit; the old Pontiac State Hospital in Pontiac; St. Vincent de Paul Church in Pontiac
Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England. Its momentum grew in the early 19th century, when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture, in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, lancet windows, hood moulds and label stops. The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England, gaining ground in the 19th.
The Gothic Revival style was also popular for churches, where high style elements such as castle-like towers, parapets, and tracery windows were common, as well as the pointed Gothic arched windows and entries. The Carpenter Gothic style is a distinctive variation of the Gothic Revival style featuring vertical board and batten wooden siding, pointed arches and incised wooden trim. The name comes from the extensive use of decorative wood elements on the exterior. While some examples remain, the pure Carpenter Gothic style is not well represented in Pennsylvania.
The most commonly identifiable feature of the Gothic Revival style is the pointed arch, used for windows, doors, and decorative elements like porches, dormers, or roof gables. Other characteristic details include steeply pitched roofs and front facing gables with delicate wooden trim called vergeboards or bargeboards. This distinctive incised wooden trim is often referred to as "gingerbread" and is the feature most associated with this style. Gothic Revival style buildings often have porches with decorative turned posts or slender columns, with flattened arches or side brackets connecting the posts. Gothic Revival style churches may have not just pointed arch windows and porticos, but often feature a Norman castle-like tower with a crenellated parapet or a high spire.
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Romanesque Revival
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture
Examples--Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C.; the Smithsonian Institution Building in Washington, D.C.; University College in Toronto; Trinity Church in Boston; the First Presbyterian Church in Detroit; Grand Army of the Republic Bldg in Detroit; Central Elementary School in Pontiac
Romanesque Revival (or Neo-Romanesque) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. "Round-arched style" "Norman style" or "Lombard style"
Romanesque Revival Features:
Constructed of rough-faced (rusticated), square stones
Round towers with cone-shaped roofs
Columns and pilasters with spirals and leaf designs
Low, broad "Roman" arches over arcades and doorways
Patterned masonry arches over windows
Multiple stories and complicated roofing systems
Medieval details such as stained glass, characteristic of Gothic architecture
Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886). The revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French, Spanish and Italian Romanesque characteristics.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque
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Georgian Revival architecture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture
Examples--Memorial City Hall in Auburn, NY; Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn; Grosse Pointe South High School in Grosse Pointe Farms; Benjamin Siegel House in Detroit; the Oliver Leo Beaudette Mansion on West Huron Street in Pontiac
Georgian Revival architecture is the name given in most English-speaking countries to the set of architectural styles current between 1714 and 1830. It is eponymous for the first four British monarchs of the House of Hanover—George I, George II, George III, and George IV—who reigned in continuous succession from August 1714 to June 1830. The style was revived in the late 19th century in the United States as Colonial Revival architecture and Neo-Georgian architecture; in both it is also called Georgian Revival architecture.
The Georgian style is highly variable, but marked by symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles.
Dutch Colonial is a style of domestic architecture, primarily characterized by gambrel roofs having curved eaves along the length of the house. Modern versions built in the early 20th century are more accurately referred to as "Dutch Colonial Revival", a subtype of the Colonial Revival style.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture
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Italianate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate_architecture
Examples--Government House in Melbourne, Australia; John Muir Mansion in California; aspects of the main branch of the Detroit Public Library; the Myrick-Palmer Mansion on West Huron St. in Pontiac; the "Doc" Murphy Mansion on Auburn Road in Pontiac (now the American Legion Hall).
The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture. In the Italianate style, the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture, which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism, were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics.
Key visual components of this style include:
Low-pitched or flat roofs; roof is frequently hipped
Projecting eaves supported by corbels
Imposing cornice structures
Pedimented windows and doors
Arch-headed, pedimented or Serlian windows with pronounced architraves and archivolts
Tall first floor windows suggesting a piano nobile
Belvedere or machicolated signorial towers
Cupolas
Quoins
Loggias
Balustrades concealing the roof-scape
About 15% of Italianate houses in the United States include a tower
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Beaux-Arts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture
Examples--École des Beaux-Arts in Paris begun by François Debret then finished by Félix Duban; the Grand Palais in Paris; Musée d'Orsay in Paris; the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City; buildings at the University of California at Berkeley designed by John Galen Howard; the Detroit Institute of Arts; possibly the old Masonic Building at Saginaw and Lafayette Streets in Pontiac
Beaux-Arts architecture was the academic architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated Gothic and Renaissance elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass. It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century. It also had a strong influence on architecture in the United States
The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors, Italian Renaissance, and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models: Quattrocento Florentine palace fronts or French late Gothic. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, which had a strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details.
Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture.
Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep cornices, swags and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices.
Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included:
Flat roof
Rusticated and raised first story
Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases—to utilitarian ones
Arched windows
Arched and pedimented doors
Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism; fluently in a number of "manners"
Symmetry
Statuary, sculpture (bas-relief panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building
Classical architectural details:[4] balustrades, pilasters, garlands, cartouches, acroteria, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (agrafes), brackets and supporting consoles
Subtle polychromy
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Queen Anne style architecture in the United States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States?fbclid=IwAR0ZwsOx6B7_GqirXlfAXoaCIpSKkzmuCRvKVOJx5aYnD5UykmnTCfVIUOs
Examples--the Carson Mansion in Eureka, California; Wells Burt House in Detroit; the A.L. Moore House on Franklin Blvd. in Pontiac
In the United States, Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910. "Queen Anne" was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era. Within the Victorian era timeline, Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles. Distinctive features of the American Queen Anne style may include:
asymmetrical façade
dominant front-facing gable, often cantilevered beyond the plane of the wall below
overhanging eaves
round, square, or polygonal towers
shaped and Dutch gables
a porch covering part or all of the front facade, including the primary entrance area--wrap-around front porch
a second-story porch or balconies
pedimented porches
differing wall textures, such as patterned wood shingles shaped into varying designs, including resembling fish scales, terra cotta tiles, relief panels, or wooden shingles over brickwork, etc.
dentils
classical columns
spindle work
oriel and bay windows
horizontal bands of leaded windows
monumental chimneys
painted balustrades
wooden or slate roofs
front gardens with wooden fences[
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Tudor Revival
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture
Examples--Ascott House in Buckinghamshire, England; Albert A. Grinell House in Detroit; numerous houses on Ottawa Drive in Pontiac
Tudor Revival architecture first manifested itself in domestic architecture in the United Kingdom in the latter half of the 19th century. When the style was revived, the emphasis was typically on the simple, rustic, and the less impressive aspects of Tudor architecture, imitating in this way medieval houses and rural cottages. Although the style follows these more modest characteristics, items such as steeply pitched-roofs, half-timbering often infilled with herringbone brickwork, tall mullioned windows, high chimneys, jettied (overhanging) first floors above pillared porches, dormer windows supported by consoles, and even at times thatched roofs, gave Tudor Revival its more striking effects.
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Second Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada
Examples--Palais Garnier Opera House in Paris; the Louvre façades by Hector Lefuel; Boulevard Haussmann in Paris; the Old Executive Office Building (now called the Dwight D. Eisenhower Building) in Washington DC. ; the Davenport House in Saline, Michigan; the old Pontiac High School of 1867
Second Empire style, was a highly eclectic style of architecture and decorative arts, which used elements of many different historical styles,and also made innovative use of modern materials, such as iron frameworks and glass skylights. It flourished during the reign of Emperor Napoleon III in France (1852–1871) and had an important influence on architecture and decoration in the rest of Europe and the United States. Major examples of the style include the Opéra Garnier (1862–1871) in Paris by Charles Garnier, the Bibliothèque nationale de France, and the Church of Saint Augustine (1860–1871). The architectural style was closely connected with Haussmann's renovation of Paris carried out during the Second Empire; the new buildings, such as the opera, were intended as the focal points of the new boulevards.
Characteristics--
As with other Victorian trends, Second Empire ornamentation was inspired and unstinting. Decorative details included iron cresting on the roof, heavily bracketed cornices, quoins, and balustrades. The general effect is monumental and ornate, appropriate to the style’s Napoleonic roots.
Second Empire residences often had a simple box form, square or rectangular, and highly symmetrical. Many examples exist in Washington such as Cooke’s Row on Q Street NW in Georgetown. Other good examples are the Visitation School located on 35th Street NW, and the Folger’s offices on the 500 block of 8th Street SE. There was also an asymmetrical form of Second Empire, usually an L plan. It could have two wings or be built as a single block with a strongly projecting bay that called attention to an entrance where the wings meet.
Towers are also a common mansard feature. Today such towered houses, so visually compelling are frequently featured in Halloween illustrations and horror films. (Remember Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho?Or the Addams Family TV series?) The tower can be square or rectangular and placed either symmetrically or asymmetrically.
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Art Nouveau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau
Examples--Lavirotte Building in Paris; Sagrada Família basilica and Casa Batlló in Barcelona; Maison Saint Cyr in Brussels; buildings by by Mikhail Eisenstein in Riga, Latvia; Museum of Applied Arts in Budapest; American church interiors with stained glass by John La Farge; the interior of Jim's Tiffany Restaurant in Lansing
Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, known in different languages by different names: Jugendstil in German, Stile Liberty in Italian, Modernisme in Catalan, etc. The style was most popular between 1890 and 1910. Art Nouveau Characteristics--
Asymmetrical and organic shapes.
Extensive use of arches and curved forms.
Curved glass.
Curving, plant-like embellishments.
Mosaics.
Stained glass.
Japanese motifs.
The distinguishing ornamental characteristic of Art Nouveau is its undulating asymmetrical line, often taking the form of flower stalks and buds, vine tendrils, insect wings, and other delicate and sinuous natural objects; the line may be elegant and graceful or infused with a powerfully rhythmic and whiplike force. In architecture and the other plastic arts, the whole of the three-dimensional form becomes engulfed in the organic, linear rhythm, creating a fusion between structure and ornament. Architecture particularly shows this synthesis of ornament and structure; a liberal combination of materials—ironwork, glass, ceramic, and brickwork—was employed, for example, in the creation of unified interiors in which columns and beams became thick vines with spreading tendrils and windows became both openings for light and air and membranous outgrowths of the organic whole.
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Art Deco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco
Examples--the Chrysler Bldg. and Rockefeller Center in NYC; the Guardian Bldg. and Fisher Bldg. in Detroit; the Shrine of the Little Flower in Royal Oak; the Pontiac State Bank Bldg. downtown.
Art Deco, sometimes referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It combined modern styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress. Art Deco is one of the first truly international styles, but its dominance ended with the beginning of World War II and the rise of the strictly functional and unadorned styles of modern architecture and the International Style of architecture that followed.
Art Deco is characterized by vertical emphasis and the use of new materials like chrome, stainless steel, and opaque plate glass. Designs are geometric and use shapes like pyramids, chevrons or zigzags, and lightning bolts. Buildings sometimes include stylized figures of waterfalls, sunrises and mythological characters.
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Prairie School Style
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_School
Examples--Robie House in Chicago; Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois; the Melvyn Smith and Sara Smith House in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan; Pontiac City Library--downtown
Prairie School is a early 20th-century architectural style, most common in the Midwestern United States. The style is usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide, flat, treeless expanses of America's native prairie landscape.
The Prairie School is mostly associated with a generation of architects employed or influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright or Louis Sullivan, though usually not including Sullivan himself.
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International Style
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)
Examples--Seagram Building in New York City; The Crystal Cathedral in California (also Post-Modern); Museum of Fine Arts in Houston; Lafayette Towers in Detroit; One Woodward Avenue in Detroit; numerous office buildings in Southfield and in Troy, Michigan
The International Style is a major architectural style that was developed in the 1920s and 1930s, and became the dominant architectural style until the 1970s. The style is characterized by an emphasis on volume over mass, the use of lightweight, mass-produced, industrial materials, rejection of all ornament and colour, repetitive modular forms, and the use of flat surfaces, typically alternating with areas of glass.
The International Style can be traced to buildings designed by a small group of modernists, of which the major figures includes Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Jacobus Oud, Le Corbusier, Richard Neutra and Philip Johnson. The founder of the Bauhaus school in Germany, Walter Gropius, along with prominent Bauhaus instructor, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, became known for steel frame structures employing glass curtain walls.
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There are other types of architecture over the past two hundred years that have not been mentioned, such as--
Modernist, Post-Modern, Arts and Crafts Style, Foursquare, Bungalow Style, Shingle Style, Stick Style
